Map of us air force bases in us. Contact Information. Phone: 011-44-1638-54-1110. DSN: 314-238-1110....

Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point Brunswick County, NC. Brunswick

The Air Force Historical study: Air Force Units in South Vietnam, 1965-1973, was compiled by Colonel John Schlight, Office of Air Force History, 1980. The list is in chronological order by date beginning in June 1965 and ending in March 1973. The list is then in order by location, with a list of units assigned to that location.Transit Center at Manas (formerly Manas Air Base and unofficially Ganci Air Base) is a former U.S. military installation at Manas International Airport, near Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan.It was primarily operated by the U.S. Air Force.The primary unit at the base was the 376th Air Expeditionary Wing.On 3 June 2014 American troops vacated the base …Al Udeid Air Base (Arabic: قاعدة العديد الجوية) is one of two military bases southwest of Doha, Qatar, also known as Abu Nakhlah Airport (مطار أبو نخلة).. It houses the Qatar Emiri Air Force, United States Air Force, Royal Air Force, and other foreign forces.It is host to a forward headquarters of United States Central Command, headquarters of the United States Air ...Saudi Arabia (5) Tennessee. (7) (2) United Kingdom (6) Wyoming. Air Force Bases. Air Force Academy AFB in Colorado Springs, CO. Colorado Springs, Colorado …Jul 20, 2023 · Map of US Air Force Bases Around the World. The United States Air Force has a global presence, with bases spread across various continents. These bases serve different purposes ranging from air defense to support of allied forces. In this article, we will explore the map of US Air Force bases around the world and their importance. Overview Contact Information. Phone: 011-81-311-755-7203. Yokota Air Base is one of the US military bases set up on the territory of Japan after World War II. It is located in one of the 26 major cities of Western Tokyo – Fussa. It covers more than 136000 square km and hosts over 14000 individuals.Over at DonkeyMagic you'll find a nifty Web-based form that'll help create the code you need to add a Google Map to your site. Over at DonkeyMagic you'll find a nifty Web-based for...Contact Information. Phone: 011-44-1638-54-1110. DSN: 314-238-1110. RAF Mildenhall is located in Suffolk, relatively close to communities in Mildenhall. It is among the most populated American bases located in the United Kingdom. It hosts over 16000 employees – both military and civilian, three different units and 15 associate tenant units. Base, Org & Functional Area. Base, Org & Functional Area. Indexes; Bases A-Z; Base Maps A-Z; Functional Areas A-Z Naval Air Station Keflavik (NASKEF) is a United States Navy air station at Keflavík International Airport, Iceland, located on the Reykjanes peninsula on the south-west portion of the island. NASKEF was closed on 8 September 2006, and its facilities were taken over by the Icelandic Defence Agency as their primary base until 1 January 2011, when the …Contact Information. Phone: 011-44-1638-54-1110. DSN: 314-238-1110. RAF Mildenhall is located in Suffolk, relatively close to communities in Mildenhall. It is among the most populated American bases located in the United Kingdom. It hosts over 16000 employees – both military and civilian, three different units and 15 associate tenant units. Langley Air Force Base is United States Air Force installation located in Hampton, Virginia. As a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, the base was selected to merge with nearby complimenting facilities. In October of 2010 Langley Air Force Base merged with Fort Eustis, creating Joint Base Eustis-Langley, one of 12 joint Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, is the home of the 78th Air Base Wing and its 54 mission partners that make up a vital part of the Air Force warfighting team. It is the largest single-site industrial complex in Georgia, employing a workforce of almost 24,000 civilians, contractors and military members.Contact Information. Phone: (623) 856-7411. DSN: 896-7411. Luke AFB is an Air Force operated base close to Phoenix and Glendale. It is one of the largest bases in the world and the only one out there that can successfully train F-16 Falcon pilots. It has more than 200 units available for training and potential missions.United States air force base (Kunsan Air Base). Along with Osan base, one of the most powerful US air force bases on the Peninsula. It is located in the West of South Korea, near the Yellow sea. It houses the 8th aviation wing, also known as the"wolf Pack". Its a-16 fighters are equipped with the latest navigation systems and night vision ...Transit Center at Manas (formerly Manas Air Base and unofficially Ganci Air Base) is a former U.S. military installation at Manas International Airport, near Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan.It was primarily operated by the U.S. Air Force.The primary unit at the base was the 376th Air Expeditionary Wing.On 3 June 2014 American troops vacated the base … Air Force Bases Active Duty Air Force Bases Continental United States (CONUS) Alabama. MAXWELL-GUNTER AFB. Arizona. DAVIS-MONTHAN AFB. LUKE AFB. Arkansas. LITTLE ROCK AFB. California. BEALE AFB. EDWARDS AFB. LOS ANGELES AFB. MARCH ARB. TRAVIS AFB. VANDENBERG AFB. Colorado. BUCKLEY AFB. PETERSON AFB. SCHRIEVER AFB. U.S. AIR FORCE ACADEMY Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point Brunswick County, NC. Brunswick County, North Carolina Military Bases. Base Contact Information Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point : (910) 457-7475 Geography and Area Information The Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point is located at 34.007135°N 77.975979°W in Brunswick County North Carolina. Marine Corps Air Station Miramar. Marine Corps Air Station Santa Barbara. Marine Corps Air Station Tustin. Marine Corps Auxiliary Airfield Corvallis. Martin Field (Washington) McNary Field. Melbourne Orlando International Airport. Midland Army Airfield. Myrtle Beach Air Force Base. The recreation, which opened to the public after renovations last year, will be on display temporarily outside the nation's capital. This is quite the sight: A Boeing 747-200 that ...The 341st Missile Wing reports directly to 20th Air Force, at F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming, and is part of Air Force Global Strike Command, headquartered at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. Mission: “Defend America with …Eglin Air Force Base in Valparaiso, FL. Valparaiso, Florida Military Bases. Elgin Air Force Base is a Untied States Air Force installation located in Okaloosa County, Florida. The 463, 128 acre base sits three miles from Valparaiso and Niceville. A short distance to the west lies the city of Fort Walton Beach.May 5, 2023 · The Chinese firm Fufeng Group last year bought 370 acres for a corn-milling plant that would have been located about 12 miles from Grand Forks Air Force Base. The planned $700 million plant would ... Moron Air Force Base Moron De La Frontera, SPAIN. Spread over a large territory in Andalusia, Spain, Morón Air Base is one of the most strategic points controlled by the Americans in Europe. It is located in the southern part of Spain, about 50 km from Sevilla and 120 km from Rota. The name comes from a close town. The huge importance of this The Air Force reactivated Peterson Field once more following the Jan. 1951 establishment of Air Defense Command at Ent AFB in Colorado Springs – now where the USA Olympic Training Center is located. The 4600th Air Base Group was designated as the 4600th Air Base Wing in 1958, and then predesignated as the 46th Aerospace Defense Wing April 1 ...The 341st Missile Wing reports directly to 20th Air Force, at F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming, and is part of Air Force Global Strike Command, headquartered at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. Mission: “Defend America with …Air Force Maps - Air Force Hub. Visit maps.af.mil – can only be accessed on the .mil domain. This website is a map visualization tool showing many things such …Mar 16, 2023 · There are two US military bases currently in Australia. One of them is operated by members of the United States intelligence community and another is operated by the United States Navy. The Army, Air Force, Marines, and Coast Guard do not have bases in Australia. Learn more about each base below: Intelligence Pine Gap. Location: Alice Springs ... Phone: (937) 257-1110. DSN: 787-1110. Located close to Dayton and spreading over two counties in Ohio – Montgomery and Greene, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is currently the largest military base operated by the Air Force on the United States territory. The general mission of this base is to operate the local airfield, maintain the base and ...Between 1942 and 1945 there would have been, at any given moment in time, some 50,000, or so, personnel serving on the 18 air bases, occupied by the USAAF, within the county of Norfolk. This so-called “friendly invasion” must have been a considerable shock to the local populace and there was, undoubtedly, some initial suspicion towards the ... United States Air Force Academy, CO. Show Cadet Field House On Map; B-52 Display. N Gate Blvd United States Air Force Academy, CO 80840. Show B-52 Display On Map; Academic Overlook. Academy Dr United States Air Force Academy, CO 80840. Show Academic Overlook On Map; Athletic Overlook. Academy Dr United States Air Force Academy, CO 80840. Show ... Izmir Air Station is a United States air force in Europe (USAFE) facility in Izmir, located 320 km southwest of Istanbul, next to the Aegean sea. It is the oldest U.S. base in Turkey. Since August 11, 2004, the headquarters (Allied Air Component Command) of the NATO air force in southern Europe has been located here. 3.This article examines the US Army Air Force’s prewar preparations for expeditionary airfields and wartime operations and highlights the challenges and solutions adopted to provide airpower from advanced locations in the Pacific in World War II., Wild Blue Yonder (ISSN 2689-6478) online journal is a forum focused on airpower thought …Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. Home to the 355th Fighter Wing (355 FW) assigned to the Twelfth Air Force, David-Monthan AFB is located in Tucson. The 355th at DM has five squadrons and more than 300 personnel working with 83 A-10C aircraft and an AN/TPS-75 radar system. It is also home to the 354th and 357th Fighter Squadrons, the 355th ...When it comes to traveling by air, there are many factors that passengers consider before booking their flights. One important aspect that often gets overlooked is the flight seat ...The Air Force ASVAB, or Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, is an important test for anyone interested in joining the U.S. Air Force. It is used to measure an individual’s ... Air Force Maps. Visit maps.af.mil – can only be accessed on the .mil domain. This website is a map visualization tool showing many things such as building numbers, weather, and so much more. Contact Information. Phone: (671)-366-2622. Andersen Air Force Base Guam is one of the few US military bases that can brag about being located in a living paradise. It is a little over 6 km far from Yigo, in the northern part of Guam. Guam is a territory run by a civilian government, but still belonging to the United States of America. On March 2002, when then-US Vice President Cheney visited the air base Al Udeid Qatar, the runway was opened for midair fuelling. Communications and Computer Equipments. In order to build an alternate command center at the air base, the US started installing communications, computers, and intelligence and asset equipments at this Qatar military ... Official website of the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton Ohio. This is the world’s largest military aviation museum. With free admission and parking, the museum features more than 350 aerospace vehicles and missiles and thousands of artifacts amid more than 19 acres of indoor exhibit space.Izmir Air Station is a United States air force in Europe (USAFE) facility in Izmir, located 320 km southwest of Istanbul, next to the Aegean sea. It is the oldest U.S. base in Turkey. Since August 11, 2004, the headquarters (Allied Air Component Command) of the NATO air force in southern Europe has been located here. 3.RAF Croughton is by far the most important military bases run by the United States of America in Europe. It is located in Northamptonshire, in the central part of the United Kingdom. It is one of the widest military switchboards of Europe. At the same time, it deals with more than 30% of the American communicational operations on the old continent.The list of United States military bases by states as of 2023: 1. Alabama. Alabama has six active military bases including four Army bases, one Air Force base, and one Coast Guard base.. Alabama Army Bases: There are four Army bases exist in Alabama as of 2023.. Fort RuckerAug 11, 2023 · Senior Airman Cameron Otte/US Air Force. CNN —. The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States is probing a secretive company that has been buying up land around a key Air Force base ... If you like to plan and brainstorm by creating mind maps to link together ideas, MindMup is a great browser-based program that helps you get organized with lots of features. If you... With very few exceptions, the Air Force has followed this guidance. In 2003, 65 (94 percent) of the 69 active major Air Force installations within the continental United States had been active War Department installations, usually Army Air Fields, during World War II. Fourteen (20 percent) of the 69 bases had existed before World War II. 820th Base Defense Group. 476th Fighter Group (AFRC) 9th Air Force. A-10 Thunderbolt II. Moody AFB executes worldwide close air support, force protection, and combat search and rescue operations (CSAR) in support of humanitarian interests, United States national security and the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). Nov 3, 2023 · Among the force posture changes was the “rapid movement” into the US Central Command area of operations for US Air Force A-10 Thunderbolt II ground-attack jets, and F-15E Strike Eagle and F-16 ... 820th Base Defense Group. 476th Fighter Group (AFRC) 9th Air Force. A-10 Thunderbolt II. Moody AFB executes worldwide close air support, force protection, and combat search and rescue operations (CSAR) in support of humanitarian interests, United States national security and the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). Aug 9, 2023 · August 9, 2023. The US Air Force Base in Jordan is an important military installation for the United States, located in a strategic location that provides access to the Middle East and beyond. This base has been in operation since 2015 and has played a key role in supporting US military operations across the region. Andersen Air Force Base in Yigo, Guam. Yigo, US Military Bases in Guam. Andersen Air Force Base Guam is one of the few US military bases that can brag about being located in a living paradise. It is a little over 6 km far from Yigo, in the northern part of Guam. Guam is a territory run by a civilian government, but still belonging to the United ... Contact Information. Phone: 011-39-434-30-1110. The National Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has made it possible for the Aviano air force base to be established under the United States Air Force commission. The Aviano Air Base Italy is located near the large town of Perdenone approximately 50 miles North of Venice, Italy.Bagram Air Base in Parvan Province, Afghanistan. Bagram Air Base is operated jointly by the United States Army and Air Force. Occupying forces include the U.S. Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard. Coalition Forces and civilians complete the constitution of the base. History Bagram airfield was used by Soviet troops between 1979 ...UK RAF Stations Map. Rollover a marker to see the name of the station or click on it to go to information about that station. RAF Gibraltar and RAF Akrotiri are not included on the interactive map.March Air Reserve Base Air Force in Riverside, CA. Riverside, California Military Bases. March Air Reserve Base is one of the oldest military camps established in the United States, with its history beginnings dating back to 1918. It is located in the southern part of the state, between Moreno Valley and Riverside.Langley Air Force Base is United States Air Force installation located in Hampton, Virginia. As a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, the base was selected to merge with nearby complimenting facilities. In October of 2010 Langley Air Force Base merged with Fort Eustis, creating Joint Base Eustis-Langley, one of 12 jointThe 3rd Wing is the host unit for Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska. It is the largest and principal organization in Eleventh Air Force. The wing trains and equips an Air Expeditionary Force lead wing comprised of 6,700 personnel and. F-15C, F-15E, E-3, C-130, and C-12 aircraft. The 3rd Wing also provides air superiority, surveillance, tactical ... The United States Army also established a significant presence in France, and was responsible for much air base construction and maintenance. F-100D fighter-bombers of the 48th Tactical Fighter Wing at Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base, 1957. France was a founding member of NATO which came into existence on 24th August 1949. Victory Base Complex Joint Operations Baghdad, Iraq. Baghdad, US Military Bases in Iraq. Victory Base Complex – also referred to as VBC – is an amalgam of military installations around the Baghdad international airport. The complex includes 10 bases – Victory Fuel Point, Slayer, Striker, Cropper, Liberty, Radwaniyah Palace, Dublin, Sather ...Westover Air Force Base (Massachusetts), 1972 to 1982 (731st Tactical Air Squadron and 74th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron, or 901st Organizational Maintenance Squadron) By reading our detailed article, you can learn more about the over 40 conditions on the presumptive list for Agent Orange Exposure and their VA service …As the host unit at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, the 88th Air Base Wing operates the airfield, maintains all infrastructure and provides security, communications, medical, legal, personnel, finance, transportation, air traffic control, weather forecasting, public affairs, recreation and chaplain services for more than 100 associate units. The …Including: - In the land forces of the United States, logistics centers and warehouses - Us Navy bases - U.S. air force bases and transhipment air bases - U.S. …Air Force Maps - Air Force Hub. Visit maps.af.mil – can only be accessed on the .mil domain. This website is a map visualization tool showing many things such …The 3rd Wing is the host unit for Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska. It is the largest and principal organization in Eleventh Air Force. The wing trains and equips an Air Expeditionary Force lead wing comprised of 6,700 personnel and. F-15C, F-15E, E-3, C-130, and C-12 aircraft. The 3rd Wing also provides air superiority, surveillance, tactical ...New Orleans, Louisiana Military Bases. Base Contact Information New Orleans Joint Reserve Base Operator 504-678-7569, DSN 678-7569 Public Affairs Office 504-678-3260 Base Housing 504-678-2089 Geography and Area Information The Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans (NAS JRB) is located in Belle Chasse unincorporated …Francis E. Warren Air Force Base (ICAO: KFEW, FAA LID: FEW), shortened as F.E. Warren AFB is a United States Air Force base (AFB) located approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Cheyenne, Wyoming.It is one of three strategic-missile bases in the U.S. It was named in honor of Francis E. Warren in 1930. Warren AFB is home of the 90th Missile …As the largest US Air Force base in the UK, Lakenheath hosts the 48th Fighter Wing and supports 3 combat-ready squadrons of F-15E Strike Eagle and F-15C Eagle fighter aircraft. Two squadrons of US F-35 jets (48 of them) will be arriving there by 2020 – the first in Europe. Marine Corps Air Station Miramar. Marine Corps Air Station Santa Barbara. Marine Corps Air Station Tustin. Marine Corps Auxiliary Airfield Corvallis. Martin Field (Washington) McNary Field. Melbourne Orlando International Airport. Midland Army Airfield. Myrtle Beach Air Force Base. As the host unit at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, the 88th Air Base Wing operates the airfield, maintains all infrastructure and provides security, communications, medical, legal, personnel, finance, transportation, air traffic control, weather forecasting, public affairs, recreation and chaplain services for more than 100 associate units. The 88th Air Base Wing is comprised of more ... About us. Kadena Air Base is the hub of airpower in the Pacific, and home to the 18th Wing and a variety of associate units. Together they form "Team Kadena" -- a world-class combat team ready to fight and win from the Keystone of the Pacific. Nearly 18,000 Americans and more than 4,000 Japanese employees and contractors make up Team Kadena.Contact Information. Phone: (808) 449-7110. DSN: 449-7110. The base is often called Hickam Air Force Base, however, an official name change was made in 2010. At that time, Naval Station Pearl Harbor joined with Hickam in accordance with the Base Realignment and Closure Law. The 2005 law realigned 26 separate bases into 12 combined bases, …Sep 10, 2021 · The largest US military installation in the Middle East is the Al Udeid Air Base, located west of Doha, Qatar. Established in 1996, it hosts around 11,000 American and coalition service members ... Wake Island Airfield (IATA: AWK, ICAO: PWAK, FAA LID: AWK) is a military air base located on Wake Island, which is known for the Battle of Wake Island during World War II.It is owned by the U.S. Air Force and operated by the 611th Air Support Group.The runway can be used for emergency landings by commercial jetliners flying transpacific routes …The Air Force reactivated Peterson Field once more following the Jan. 1951 establishment of Air Defense Command at Ent AFB in Colorado Springs – now where the USA Olympic Training Center is located. The 4600th Air Base Group was designated as the 4600th Air Base Wing in 1958, and then predesignated as the 46th Aerospace Defense Wing April 1 ...The US Air Force is one of the most prestigious branches of the military, and joining it can be a rewarding experience. However, there are some important things to consider before ...Contact Information. Phone: (671)-366-2622. Andersen Air Force Base Guam is one of the few US military bases that can brag about being located in a living paradise. It is a little over 6 km far from Yigo, in the northern part of Guam. Guam is a territory run by a civilian government, but still belonging to the United States of America.Morón Air Base (IATA: OZP, ICAO: LEMO) is located at in southern Spain, approximately 35 miles (56 km) southeast of the city of SevilleThe base gets its name from the nearby town of Morón de la Frontera, while it is located inside the municipality of Arahal.. Currently the base is home to Ala 11, a fighter wing of Eurofighter Typhoons of the Spanish Air …Location-based services are becoming increasingly popular as businesses look for ways to better serve their customers. Live view maps offer a number of benefits that can help you i...Fort Irwin in California is one of the largest US military bases, covering a surface area of 1,000 square miles. Twentynine Palms (MCAGCC) in California is another large military base with a surface area of 1,100 square miles. Nellis Air Force Base near Las Vegas, Nevada covers about 5,000 square miles and is known for advanced combat …The following maps show Air Force base locations where Air Force dentists can be stationed. The first map shows locations within the continental United States, also known as “CONUS”. The second map shows locations outside of the continental United States, or “OCONUS”. An alphabetical list of all the Air Force bases an Air Force …The Pituffik Space Base, formerly known as Thule Air Force Base, is a military base in Greenland operated by the US military. It is, in fact, the US’s …Location-based services are becoming increasingly popular as businesses look for ways to better serve their customers. Live view maps offer a number of benefits that can help you i...Souda Bay, US Military Bases in Greece. Naval Support Activity Souda Bay is located in Crete, one of Greece’s largest islands. The facility is operated by the United States of America, more precisely by the United States Navy. It is not just located in a very strategical point in Europe, but also in a dream scenario. Air Force Bases Active Duty Air Force Bases Continental United States (CONUS) Alabama. MAXWELL-GUNTER AFB. Arizona. DAVIS-MONTHAN AFB. LUKE AFB. Arkansas. LITTLE ROCK AFB. California. BEALE AFB. EDWARDS AFB. LOS ANGELES AFB. MARCH ARB. TRAVIS AFB. VANDENBERG AFB. Colorado. BUCKLEY AFB. PETERSON AFB. SCHRIEVER AFB. U.S. AIR FORCE ACADEMY New Orleans, Louisiana Military Bases. Base Contact Information New Orleans Joint Reserve Base Operator 504-678-7569, DSN 678-7569 Public Affairs Office 504-678-3260 Base Housing 504-678-2089 Geography and Area Information The Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans (NAS JRB) is located in Belle Chasse unincorporated …Tampa Bay Airfest 2024 soars into MacDill Air Force Base this weekend, bringing with it extreme thrills and extreme traffic. Upwards of 150,000 visitors are … Find information by state, including state and federal resources for military members, links to community and military resources, such as chambers of commerce and military family programs, and tools to build detailed reports on community information, school information, nearby establishments and home values for 30,000 communities nationwide. March Air Reserve Base Air Force in Riverside, CA. Riverside, California Military Bases. March Air Reserve Base is one of the oldest military camps established in the United States, with its history beginnings dating back to 1918. It is located in the southern part of the state, between Moreno Valley and Riverside.On March 2002, when then-US Vice President Cheney visited the air base Al Udeid Qatar, the runway was opened for midair fuelling. Communications and Computer Equipments. In order to build an alternate command center at the air base, the US started installing communications, computers, and intelligence and asset equipments at this Qatar military ...Senior Airman Cameron Otte/US Air Force. CNN —. The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States is probing a secretive company that has been buying up land around a key Air Force base .... 3. Fort Jefferson, Florida. For Jefferson extending out into the oCommercial base numbers have a prefix of 759. The DSN prefix is 74 The 3rd Wing is the host unit for Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska. It is the largest and principal organization in Eleventh Air Force. The wing trains and equips an Air Expeditionary Force lead wing comprised of 6,700 personnel and. F-15C, F-15E, E-3, C-130, and C-12 aircraft. The 3rd Wing also provides air superiority, surveillance, tactical ...As the air component for both U.S. European Command and U.S. Africa Command, USAFE-AFAFRICA executes the air component missions with forward-based airpower and infrastructure to conduct and enable theater … March Air Reserve Base Air Force in Riverside, CA. Riversi ft. m. 12/30. 10,000. 3,048. asphalt. Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base (Udorn RTAFB) is a Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) base, the home of 23rd Wing Air Command. [1] It is in the city of Udon Thani in northeastern Thailand and is the main airport serving the city and province. The RTAF 231 Squadron "Hunter" is assigned to Udorn, equipped with the ... Osan Air Base (IATA: OSN, ICAO: RKSO) (K-55; Korean:...

Continue Reading